# PT-141 References: The Bremelanotide Citation Record

> PT-141 references: the full citation list behind this bremelanotide digest — the RECONNECT trials, the fMRI study, the MC4R structural work, the label, with DOIs and PubMed links.

Every quantitative claim on this site traces to one of these sources.

## About this reference list

Every numbered citation used across this PT-141 digest is listed below with its journal, year, and a DOI or PubMed link where available. The list spans the pivotal human trials (RECONNECT and its extension), the mechanism studies (animal behavior, fMRI, receptor structure, tissue pharmacology), the US prescribing information, and the disputed and recent literature. Where a study is contested — such as the 2008 erectile-dysfunction report under a 2023 Expression of Concern — that status is flagged on the pages that cite it, not hidden in the bibliography.

## References

[1] Molinoff PB, Shadiack AM, Earle D, Diamond LE, Quon CY. PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:96-102. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12851303/
[2] Pfaus J, Shadiack A, Van Soest T, Tse M, Molinoff P. Selective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:10201-10204. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15226502/
[3] Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Simon JA. Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):899-908. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599840/
[4] Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Clayton AH. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):909-917. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599847/
[5] Thurston L, Hunjan T, Mills EG, Wall MB, Ertl N, Phylactou M, et al. Melanocortin 4 receptor agonism enhances sexual brain processing in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Clin Invest. 2022;132(19):e152341. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36189794/
[6] Borland JM, Kohut-Jackson AL, Peyla AC, Hall MA, Mermelstein PG, Meisel RL. Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Neuropharmacology. 2025;267:110299. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39793696/
[7] U.S. Food and Drug Administration / DailyMed. Bremelanotide Injection — US Prescribing Information. 2019. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=8c9607a2-5b57-4a59-b159-cf196deebdd9
[8] Aughton KL, Hamilton-Smith K, Gupta J, Morton JS, Wayman CP, Jackson VM. Pharmacological profiling of neuropeptides on rabbit vaginal wall and vaginal artery smooth muscle in vitro. Br J Pharmacol. 2008. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18587425/
[9] King SH, Mayorov AV, Balse-Srinivasan P, Hruby VJ, Vanderah TW, Wessells H. Melanocortin receptors, melanotropic peptides and penile erection. Curr Top Med Chem. 2007. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17584130/
[10] Hellstrom WJ. Clinical applications of centrally acting agents in male sexual dysfunction. Int J Impot Res. 2008. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18552830/
[11] Ila V, Pozzi E, Gamage M, Ramasamy R. Intravenous peptides and amino acids for erectile dysfunction: a narrative review of current applications and future directions. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40069591/
[12] Zhang H, Chen LN, Yang D, Mao C, Shen Q, Feng W, et al. Structural insights into ligand recognition and activation of the melanocortin-4 receptor. Cell Res. 2021;31:1163-1175. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34433901/
[13] Shadiack AM, Althof S. Preclinical effects of melanocortins in male sexual dysfunction. Int J Impot Res. 2008. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18552829/
[14] Tran L, Nguyen TD, Gad AG, Shaaban E, Tai TH, Tram NT. FDA-Approved Drugs Containing D-Amino Acids: A Historical and Developmental Perspective. Drug Dev Res. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42041173/
[15] Barakeh D, Mdaihly H, Karaoui LR. Pharmacotherapy of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder in Premenopausal Women. Ann Pharmacother. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38767282/

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An editorial noir reading of the PT-141 (bremelanotide) record — the central melanocortin mechanism, the narrow premenopausal-HSDD approval, and the label figures ruled into the page in amaranth and cited line by line, with every off-label and unverified claim kept in the margin where it belongs; no clinic behind the keyline and nothing here dosed, sourced, or sold.